The Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Effects of Satureja khuzestanica Essential Oil
Abstract
Background and Aim: Leishmaniasis is endemic in 98 countries including Iran. Pentavalent antimony compounds resistance as first-line therapy is increasing in some local areas. Also side effects of these drugs are limited at the beginning of treatment, but the toxicity increases with time. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil (SKEO) on promastigote and amastigote Leishmania major forms.Materials and Methods: The components of S. khuzestanica oil were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis. To evaluate antipromastigote activity the different concentrations of extract and glucantime were added to the wells that contained L. major. The plates were incubated at 26±1°C for a week. On days 1, 3 and 5, the number of live promastigotes in each well was counted. For assessment of SKEO effect on intracellular amastigotes, mouse peritoneal macrophages were isolated and infected with promastigotes. Different concentrations of the extract and glucantime were added to the cultures. The cultures were incubated at 37°C and CO2 5%. The number of infected macrophages and amastigotes within each macrophage were counted. Toxicity assessment of SKEO on macrophages was done by MTT method.Results and Conclusions: The mean number of promastigotes, infected macrophages and amastigotes in a macrophage in the control and treated groups had significantly difference. So that their number in the treated groups was less as a dose-dependent response. The present research showed potent antileishmanial activity of, SKEO; additionally this plant had no toxic effect on mammalian cells.References
World Health Organization (WHO) Control of the leishmaniasis. Report of a Meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniasis, WHO Technical Report Series 949, Geneva. 2010; Pp. 1-187.
Klaus W, Lowell A, Gold S, et al. Section 33, textbook of Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine, 7th ed. 2008;2.
Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis: Current situation and new perspectives. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2004;27:305-18.
Hadigi R, Mohebali M, Boucher P, Hajjaran H, Khamesipour A and Ouellette M. Unresponsiveness to Glucantime treatment in Iranian cutaneous leishmaniasis due to drug resistant Leishmania tropica parasites. PloS Med. 2006;3(5):162.
Kheirandish F, Bandehpour M, Haghighi A, Mahboudi F, Mohebali M, Kazemi B. Inhibition of Leishmania major PTR1 gene expression by antisense in Escherichia coli, Iranian J Pub Health. 2012; 41(6):65-71.
Kheirandish F, Bandehpour M, Haghighi A, Mohebali M, Mahboudi F, and Kazemi B, Molecular cloning, Expression and Enzymatic assay of Iranian Leishmania major pteridine reductase1, Iranian J Parasitol. 2008;3(2):1-9.
Kheirandish F, Bandehpour M, Davoudi N, Mosaffa N, Dawood S, Kazemi B, Haghighi A, Khamesipour A, Masjedi H, Mohebali M, Mahboudi F. Gene regulation of pteridine reductase 1 in Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes using a full-length antisense construct Molecules. Iranian J Parasitol. 2013;8(2):190-6.
Kheirandish F, Delfan B, Mahmoudvand H, Moradi N, Ezatpour B, Ebrahimzadeh F, Rashidi M. Antileishmanial, Antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Quercus infectoria Olivier Extract. Biomed Pharmacotherap. (In press)
Mahmoudvand H, Saedi Dezaki E, Ezatpour B, Sharifi I, Kheirandish F, Rashidipour M. In Vitro and in Vivo Antileishmanial Activities of Pistacia Vera Essential Oil. Planta Medica. 2016;82(4):279-84.
Berman JD. Human leishmaniasis: Clinical, diagnostic and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 24: 684-703.
Hadighi R, Mohebali M, Boucher P, Hajjaran H, Khamesipour A, Ouellette M. Unresponsiveness to Glucantime treatment in Iranian cutaneous leishmaniasis due to drug resistant Leishmania tropica parasites. PloS Med. 2006;3(5):162.
Basiri S, Esmaily H, Vosough-Ghanbari S, Mohammadirad A, Yasa N, Abdollahi M. Improvement by Satureja khuzestanica essential oil of malathion-induced red blood cells acetylcholinesterase inhibition and altered hepatic mitochondrial glycogen phosphorylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 2007;89:124-9.
Dutta A, Bandyopadhyay S, Mandal Ch, Chatterjee M. Development of a modified MTT assay for screening antimonies resistant field isolates of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int. 2005;54:119–22.
Ezatpour B, Saedi Dezaki E, Mahmoudvand H, Sharifi I, Kheirandish F, Rashidipour M. In Vitro and In Vivo Antileishmanial Activities of Pistacia Vera Essential Oil. Planta Med. 2015;81:1-6.
Weniger B, Robledo S, Arangoetal GJ. Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants. J Ethno pharmacol. 2001;78(2-3):193-200.
Weniger B, Robledo S, Arango GJ, Deharo E, Arango R, Munoz V. Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;78:193-200.
El-On J, Ozer L, Gopas J, Sneir R, Golan-Goldhirsh A. Nuphar lutea: in vitro anti-leishmanial activity against Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes. Phytomed. 2009;16(8):788–92.
Yousefi R, Ghaffarifar F, ASL AD. The effect of Alkanna tincturia and Peganum harmala extracts on Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) in vitro. Iranian J Parasitol. 2009; 4(1): 40-7.
Azaz D, Demirci F, Satil F, Kurkcuoglu M, Baser KH. Antimicrobial activity of some satureja Essen tail oils. Z Naturforsch. 2002;27:817-21.
Zarrin M, Amirrajab N, sadeghi- Nejad B. In vivo antifungal activity of Satureja khuzistanica. Pak J Med Sci. 2010;26(4):880-2.
Kheirandish F, Delfan B, Farhadi S, Ezatpour B, Khamesipour A, Kazemi B, Ebrahimzade F, Rashidipour M. The effect of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil on the lesions induced by Leishmania major in BALB/c mice. African J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(5):648-53.
Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation. Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license (CC-BY). However, the license permits any user to read, copy, redistribute and and make derivative the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
