The Phytochemical Basis of the Herbal Remedies Found in Oriental Medicine for Erectile Dysfunction
Abstract
Aim of the study: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common cause of seeking advice from health care professionals; this includes information about benefiting from traditional medicine remedies. Substantial advertising and big business of herbal aphrodisiacs demands many studies about efficacy and safety of these various approaches.Unfortunately, nearly all remedies of aphrodisiac plants in Oriental Medicine (OM) are still unstudied; in addition, usually one pathway regarding the bioactivity of a specific plant is discussed while plants contain numerous bioactive ingredients, every one engages in various biological systems.Materials and Methods: In this investigation, all plants recommended for ED by OM in selected comprehensive pharmacopoeia text -The storehouse of medicaments- were recognized, its last scientific name identified; and finally, related Phytochemical and biologic activities of each extracted from Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethno botanical Databases.Results and Conclusions: From 210 plants suggested for treating ED in OM, only 76 plants were present in mentioned database; 64 (84%) of them have Phytochemical evidence to be effective on one or more pathways that affect the pathophysiology of ED; this paper provided first multi dimension prospective to herbal remedies for ED, and it may suggest better understanding of herbal combination formulations recommended by OM, and form new idea for future research.References
Prins J, Blanker MH, Bohnen AM, Thomas S, Bosch JLHR. Prevalence of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review of population-based studies. Int J Impot Res. 2002 Dec;14(6):422–32.
Wespes E, Eardley I, Giuliano F, Hatzichristou D, Hatzimouratidis H, Moncada I, et al. Guidelines on Male Sexual Dysfunction. European Association of Urology; 2013.
Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual dysfunction in the united states: Prevalence and predictors. JAMA. 1999 Feb 10;281(6):537–44.
Ernst E, Posadzki P, Lee MS. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction in older men and women: An overview of systematic reviews. Maturitas. 2011 Sep;70(1):37–41.
Kornfield R, Alexander GC, Qato DM, Kim Y, Hirsch JD, Emery SL. Trends in Exposure to Televised Prescription Drug Advertising, 2003–2011. Am J Prev Med. 2015 May;48(5):575–9.
visiongain. Male and Female Sexual Dysfunctions: Drug Market Report and Forecasts 2016-2026 [Internet]. London: visiongain; 2015 Jul p. 156. Report No.: PHA0081. Available from: https://www.visiongain.com/report_license.aspx?rid=1545
Stuckey BGA, Jadzinsky MN, Murphy LJ, Montorsi F, Kadioglu A, Fraige F, et al. Sildenafil Citrate for Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Men With Type 1 Diabetes Results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2003 Feb 1;26(2):279–84.
World Health Organization, editor. WHO traditional medicine strategy. 2014-2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. 76 p.
Zarshenas MM, Zargaran A, Müller J, Mohagheghzadeh A. Nasal Drug Delivery in Traditional Persian Medicine. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2013;8(3):144–148.
MODABBERI M. AGHILI ALAVI KHORASANI AND MAKHZAN AL-ADVIYEH. J Fac Lett Humanit KERMAN. 2002 WINTER - SPRING;8–9:102–17.
Ghahreman A, Okhovvat AR. matching the old medicinal plant Names with scientific terminology. 1st ed. Tehran: Unversity of Tehran; 2004.
Huh J, Park K, Hwang IS, Jung SI, Kim H-J, Chung T-W, et al. Brain Activation Areas of Sexual Arousal with Olfactory Stimulation in Men: A Preliminary Study Using Functional MRI. J Sex Med. 2008 Mar;5(3):619–25.
Rabizadeh F-O A. Improving Certainty in Employment of Medicinal Plants of Traditional Medicine by Determination of Their Scientific Names. jiitm. 2010 Dec 1;1(3):265–86.
Srilatha B, Adaikan PG, Li L, Moore PK. Hydrogen Sulphide: A Novel Endogenous Gasotransmitter Facilitates Erectile Function. J Sex Med. 2007 Sep;4(5):1304–11.
Sharlip ID. Is There a Space to Improve the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in the Next Years? Opinion: No. Ten reasons that there will be no new pharmacologic therapies for erectile dysfunctionin the foreseeable future. Int Braz J Urol. 2015 Oct;41(5):832–4.
Attarfar M, Kamalinejad M, Foroutan SK, Ashrafzade F, al-Attar M, Khodadoost M. RESEARCH PRIORITY AND CURRENT EVIDENCE OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION HERBAL REMEDIES IN PERSIAN MEDICINE. INDO Am J Pharm Sci. 2017 Dec;4(12):4325–33.
Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation. Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license (CC-BY). However, the license permits any user to read, copy, redistribute and and make derivative the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.