An Investigation on the Extraction of Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Properties of Domestic Plants Found in Southern India
Abstract
Background and Aim: The uses of natural sources for treating various ailments have received global attraction in recent years. Flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloid compounds present in plants satiate free radicals and scavenge oxygen. Extraction of these substances is carried out using solvents, and it varies with respect to the plant species individually. The present work was carried out to determine the best solvent for extraction. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed to identify the property and amount of the phytochemicals present in each plant. Materials and Methods: Plant samples were collected and extracted using maceration and the Soxhlet extraction method. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed using conventional methods. Antimicrobial and antibacterial studies were performed using zone of inhibition studies based on the agar gel diffusion method. Results: Of the plants samples taken for the study, the phenolic content was found to be the best one using Soxhlet methanolic leaf extracts of Acalypha indica (4.80mg/ml), methanolic crude extract of Lawsome inermis (4.7mg/ml), soxhlet water extract of Acalypha indica (4.35mg/ml), Soxhlet methanolic extract of Lawsome inermis (4.3mg/ml) and crude ethanolic extract of Lawsome inermis (4.0mg/ml). Crude and soxhlet ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, and steroids. Determination of vitamin C revealed that the crude methanolic extract of Murraya koenigii contains a higher level of vitamin C(3.7 mg/ml) content compared to the other plants and solvents used. Among the microorganism’s tested, gram-negative bacteria, Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter fecalis were found more sensitive to the plant extracts. Conclusion: The crude methanolic extract of Murraya koneigii has revealed the presence of all phytochemicals except tannins. The methanolic crude extract of Murraya koenigii was found to have a high level of Vitamin C. Plant extracts increase the antimicrobial property which was revealed in qualitative and quantitative analysis.References
Savithramma N, Rao Linga M, Suhrulatha D.Screening of Medicinal Plants for Secondary Metabolites, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2011;8(3):579-84.
Tadesse Getahun, Reneela P, Dekebo Aman. Isolation and characterization of natural products from Helinus mystachnus (Rhamnaceae). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2012;4(3):1756-62.
Radha K.V, Arun T, Srinivas Pidigu. Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screeing of Clitoria Ternatea linn. Against proteus mirablis from urinary tract infected patients, World Jl of pharma. Res. 2014;3(3):4351-66.
Kalimuthu K, Prabakaran R, Brindha C. Antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts of ceropegia pusillain in vitro tuber (wight and arn.) an endemic, medicinal plant. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;2(5):2947-55.
Khan Rosina, Zakir Mohammad, Afaq Sadul H, Latif Abdul, Khan Asad U. Activity of solvent extracts of Prosopis spicigera, Zingiber officinale and Trachyspermum ammi against multidrug resistant bacterial and fungal strains. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010;4(5):292-300.
Baskaran C, Velu S. Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resoures. 2012;2(6):711-6.
Vinoth B, Manivasagaperumal R, Rajaravindran M. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica a juss. International Journal of Research in Plant Science. 2012;2(3):50-5.
Susmitha S, Vidyamol KK, Ranganayaki P, Vijayaragavan R. Phytochemical Extraction and Antimicrobial Properties of Azadirachta indica (Neem). Global Journal of Pharmacology. 2013;7(3):316-20.
Biswas Brototi, Kaplay RD. Azadirachta Indica (neem): it’s economic utility and chances for commercial planned plantation in nanded district. Int J Pharma. 2011;1(2):100-4.
Hashmat Imam, Azad Hussain, Ahmed Ajij. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) - A Nature's Drugstore: An overview. I. Res. J. Biological Sci. 2012;1(6): 76-79.
Shinde G.N, Biswas Brototi. An environ-economic backbone in the economic resurgence of barren & semi-arid regions: Azadirachta Indica. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour. 2011;1(2):8-13.
Umberto Quattrocchi, F.L.S. CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. 2012.
Sharon M. Herr, Edzard Ernst, Veronica S. L. Young, Herb-drug Interaction Handbook 2nd Ed, Church street books. 2010.
Khare C.P. Indian medicinal Plants. Springer-Verlag Berlin. 2007.
Thenmozhi S, Rajan S. Screening of Antibacterial and Phytochemical activity of Acalypha indica Linn against isolated respiratory pathogens, Research in Plant Biology. 2012;2(1):1-6.
Rameshkumar S, Ramakritinan CM.Floristic survey of traditional herbal medicinal plants for treatments of various diseases from coastal diversity in Pudhukkottai District, Tamilnadu, India, Journal of Coastal Life Medicine. 2013;1(3):225-32.
Cowan Marjorie Murphy. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(4):564–82.
Bijekar S, Gayathri M.C.Ethanomedicinal properties of Euphorbiaceae family-A comprehensive review. Intl. Jorunal of Phytomedicine. 2014;6:144-56.
Bourdy, G and A. Walter, Maternity and medicinal plants in Vanuatu I. The cycle of reproduction. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1992;37:179-96.
Dahiya Praveen, Purkayastha Sharmishtha. Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants against Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria from Clinical Isolates. Indian J Pharm Scip. 2012;74(5):443–50.
Choudhury Sushmita, Sharan Latika, Sinha M.P. Phytochemical and antimicrobial standardization of the methanolic leaf extracts of Murraya koenigii Linn. Archives des sciences. 2013;66(3):67-80.
Vats Manisha, Singh Harneet, Sardana Satish Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of roots of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng. (Rutaceae). Braz.Jl. of Microb. 2011;42:1569-73.
Kong YC, Ng KH, But PP, Li Q, Yu SX, Zhang HT, Cheng KF, Seojarto D. D, Kan W. S, Waterman, P. G. Sources of the anti-implantation alkaloid yuehchukene in the genus Murraya, J. Ethnopharmacol. 1986;15:195.
Russel SR, Muraleedharan GN, Gale MS, David LDW, John LN. Biologically Active Carbazole Alkaloids from Murraya koenigii. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999;47:444-7.
Vandana J, Munira M, Kirti L. Murraya Koenigii: An Updated Review. Intl. Jl. of Ayur. and Herb. Med. 2012;2(4):607-27
Gull Iram, Sohail Maria, Aslam M.S, Athar M. A. Phytochemical, toxicological and antimicrobial evaluation of Lawsonia inermis extracts against clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2013;12(36):1-6.
Lemordant D, Foresteier.Traditional medicinal uses and Pharmacological properties of Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae. J. Agric. Bot., Appl. 1983;30(1):69-89.
Singh, V K, Pandey D K. Fungitoxic studies on bark extract of Lawsonia inermis against gram-positive bacteria. Hindustani Antibiot Bull. 1989;31(1):32-5.
Mouhajir F, Hudson JB, Rejdali GHN. In Towers.Multiple Antiviral Activities of Endemic Medicinal Plants Used by Berber Peoples of Morocco. Pharmaceut Biol. 2001;39(5):364-74.
Nema Amit Kumar, Varsha kashaw. Physico-Chemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leptadenia Reticulata Stems, International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. 2011;2(3):1000-5.
Edeoga H.O, Okwu D. E, Mbaebie B.O. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal Plants. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2005;4(7):685-8.
Kumar GS, Jayaveera KN, Ashok Kumar CK, Sanjay Umachigi P, Swamy Vrushabendra BM, Kumar Kishore DV. Antimicrobial effects of Indian medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2007;6(2):717-23.
Kumar A, Ilavarasan R, Jayachandran T, Decaraman M, Aravindhan P, Padmanabhan N, Krishnan M.R.V. Phytochemicals Investigation on a Tropical Plant Syzygium cumini from Kattuppalayam, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, South India. Pak. J. Nutri. 2009;8(1):83-5.
Sarma Sai Koteswar. D, Babu Venkata Suresh A. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies of Ocimum americanum. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2011;3(3):337-47.
Devmurari V P. Phytochemical screening study and antibacterial evaluation of Symplocos racemosa Roxb, Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 2010;2(1):354-9.
Ashvin G, Rajaram S, Ashok S. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of roots of Carrisa carandus Linn. Rasayan J. Chem. 2012;5(4):456-9.
Rajeshwari S, Jyoti S. Screening of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content in Conventional and Non-Conventional Species of Curcuma. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013;2(1):176-179.
Archana B, Narayan Singh Y, Bala Gopalan U. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Leucas aspera. International journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2011;9(2):46-9.
Kusrini D, Fachriyah E, Restu Prinanda G. Isolation of phenolic acid in Acalypha indica l plants and test total phenol also antioxidant test using DPPH method., IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 509 012033
Oseni Lateef A, Kadiri O. A comparative evaluation of in vitro growth inhibitory activities of different solvent extracts of some medicinal plants in Northern Ghana against selected human
Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation. Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license (CC-BY). However, the license permits any user to read, copy, redistribute and and make derivative the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.