An in vivo Evaluation of the Analgesic Activity of Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruit Tablets along with the Olive (Olea europaea) Leaves Extract
Abstract
Background and Aim: This paper reports, for the first time, the in vivo analgesic activity (AnA) of date (Phoenix dactylifera L., variety Mech-Degla) fruit tablets along with 3 % (w/w) lyophilized aqueous extract of olive (Olea europaea) leaves (DT-OLE). Materials and Methods: For both the date fruit powder (DFP) and olive leaves extract (OLE), flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and anthocyanins were qualitatively identified. In the case of OLE, the qualitative screening of phenolic compounds was also carried out using HPLC. The AnA (in %) was evaluated through the acetic acid writhing test on 30 NMRI mice. Results: The DT-OLE at a dose of 200 mg / kg IP showed an interesting AnA value (42 %), which is equivalent to approximately 0.44 times of that (96 %) of paracetamol (taken as reference), with the DFP displaying the lowest AnA (4 %). Thus, the analgesic properties of DT-OLE might be attributed to OLE, and the DFP with the role of the taste masking agent. Conclusion: The AnA of DT-OLE was demonstrated. However, further studies are required. In all cases, considering their composition, investigated tablets might be classified as healthy dried infusions, healthy natural candies or functional food.References
Jahromi B, Pirvulescu I, Candido KD, Knezevic NN. Herbal medicine for pain management: Efficacy and drug interactions. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(2):251.
Alvi T, Khan MKI, Maan AA, Razzaq ZU. Date fruit as a promising source of functional carbohydrates and bioactive compounds: A review on its nutraceutical potential. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2022;46(9).
Al-Okbi, S.Y. Date Palm as Source of Nutraceuticals for Health Promotion: a Review. Current nutrition reports. 2022;11:574-91.
Lee OH, Lee BY, Lee J, Lee H-B, Son J-Y, Park C-S, et al. Assessment of phenolics-enriched extract and fractions of olive leaves and their antioxidant activities. Bioresource Technology. 2009;100(23):6107-13.
Moghaddasi M, Taati M, Noroozi H, Lirgeshasi SM, Pourkhodadad S, Bahram Delfan B, et al. The effects of olive leaf extract administration on the cerebral hypoperfusion-induced electrophysiological alterations in rat heart. Herbal Medicines Journal. 2017;2(3):105-13.
Erbay Z, Icier F. A review of thin layer drying of foods: Theory, modeling, and experimental results. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2010;50(5):441-64.
Scheffler A, Rauwald HW, Kampa B, Mann U, Mohr FW, Dhein S. Olea europaea leaf extract exerts L-type Ca(2+) channel antagonistic effects. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008;120(2):233-40.
Shabani M, Zangiabadi N, Asadi-Shekaari M. Evidence for positive effects of date extract that attenuates thermal hyperalgesia in a diabetic rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience and Medicine. 2013;4:16-22.
Laaboudi W, Ghanam J, Aissam H, Merzouk Mi, Benlemlih M. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of olive tree extract. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016;8(7):414-19.
Ghazi AM, Al-Baghdadi RJT. Evaluation of the antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of the Iraqi olive leaf extract in murine animals. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2018;10(11):2916-20.
Ullah S, Iqbal J, Khan AU, Aman T, Razaque G. Neuro and analgesic activities of olive leaf methanolic crude extract. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;5(3):1814-21.
Iguergaziz N, Benamara S, Boukhiar A, Djallouli F-Z, Guebrili A, Angar N-E, Bitam A. Release characteristics of paracetamol and oleuropein from Mech-Degla date fruit tablets enriched and non-enriched with freeze-dried olive leaf extract. Chemical Engineering Communications. 2019; 206(4):524-34.
Du GH. Natural small molecule drugs from plants, Springer, 2018, Singapore.
Iqbal E, Abu Salim K, Lim, Linda BL. Phytochemical screening, total phenolics and antioxidant activities of bark and leaf extracts of Goniothalamus velutinus (Airy Shaw) from Brunei Darussalam. Journal of King Saud University - Science. 2015;27(3):224-32.
Hayes JE, Allen P, Brunton N, O’Grady MN, Kerry JP. Phenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant capacity of four commercial phytochemical products: Olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.), lutein, sesamol and ellagic acid. Food Chemistry. 2011;126(3):948-55.
Slyusarenko VS, Koklin IS, Kovalenko SM, Chuev VP, Shabalin AA, Gureev VV, et al. Study of analgesic activity and effects of new dipharmacophores – nebracetam and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors derivatives on the cognitive abilities of rats. Research Results in Pharmacology. 2021;7(4):71–9.
Koster R, Anderson M, De Beer J. Acetic acid for analgesic screening. Fed Proc.1959;8:412-17.
Clewell AE, Béres E, Vértesi A, Glavits R, Hirka G, Endres JR, et al. A comprehensive toxicological safety assessment of an extract of Olea Europaea L. leaves (Bonolive™). International Journal of Toxicology. 2016;35:208-21.
Al-daihan S, Bhat RS. Antibacterial activities of extracts of leaf, fruit, seed and bark of Phoenix dactylifera. African Journal Biotechnology. 2012;11(42):10021-5.
Al-Shwyeh HA. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruit as potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2019;11(1):1-11.
Khan H, Ahmad W, Hussain I. Imran M, Afridi MS, Ullah S. Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaves of Olea europaea wild variety. Journal of Food Measurement. 2020;14:640-8.
Shojaii A, Motaghinejad M, Norouzi S, Motevalian M. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the extract and fractions of Astragalus hamosus in animal models. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;14(1):263-9.
Hayfaa AA-S, Sahar AAMA-S, Awatif MA-S. Evaluation of analgesic activity and toxicity of alkaloids in Myristica fragrans seeds in mice. Journal of Pain Reserach. 2013;6:611- 5.
Xie P-J, Huang L-X, Zhang C-H, Zhang Y-L. Phenolic compositions, and antioxidant performance of olive leaf and fruit (Olea europaea L.) extracts and their structure–activity relationships. Journal of Functional Foods. 2015;16,460–71.
Esmaeili-Mahani S, Rezaeezadeh-Roukerd M, Esmaeilpour K, Abbasnejad M, Rasoulian B, Sheibani V, Kaeidi A, Hajializadeh Z. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract elicits antinociceptive activity, potentiates morphine analgesia and suppresses morphine hyperalgesia in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010;132(1):200-5.
Zihad SMNK, Bhowmick N, Uddin SJ, Sifat N, Rahman MS, Rouf R, Islam MT, et al. Analgesic activity, chemical profiling and computational study on Chrysopogon aciculatus. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2018;9.
Jo H-G, Lee G-Y, Baek CY, Song HS, Lee D. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Aucklandia lappa root extracts on acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats. Plants. 2021;10(42).
Kehili HE, Zerizer S, Beladjila KA, Kabouche Z. Anti-inflammatory effect of Algerian date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera). Food and Agricultural Immunology. 2016;27(6):820-9.
Faujdar S, Sharma S, Sati B, Pathak AK, Paliwal SK. Comparative analysis of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of bark and leaves of Acacia ferruginea DC. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2016;5(1):70-8.
Ganeshpurkara A, Saluja AK. The pharmacological potential of rutin. Review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2017;25(2):149-64.
Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Majlesi M, Shahinfard N. A review study on analgesic applications of Iranian medicinal plants. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2014;7(1):43-53.
Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation. Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license (CC-BY). However, the license permits any user to read, copy, redistribute and and make derivative the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
