Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Lavender on Spatial Learning and Memory of Rats Undergoing Pentylenetetrazol Kindling
Abstract
Background and Aim: Since memory impairment is one of the most common complaints in patients with epilepsy, development of new ways to improve this dysfunction is of high significance. The present study aimed to evaluate the impacts of the aqueous extract of lavender (AEL) on spatial learning and memory in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy. Materials and Methods: Forty male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including the sham, control, and experimental groups. Pretreatment of the control(C), sham(S) and experimental (E) groups included a, 13 injections of PTZ (i.p. every other day); b, 20 days of normal saline and AEL in doses 100mg/kg, 200mgkg and 400 mg/kg in S and E groups (i.p. every day) respectively. Finally, the spatial memory and learning were examined by the Morris water maze (4 trials/day in five consecutive days) and the probe test was performed in the 6th day. Results: There were no significant differences between the treatment groups with the sham and control groups in terms of time latency, the distance traveled, and movement speed to find the hidden platform(P>0.05). In contrast, 200 mg/kg of AEL remarkably reduced the time latency to find the platform (P=0.02). Conclusion: The aqueous extract of lavender in moderate doses can lead to improved spatial retrieval memory in kindled rats, although it does not have any effect on spatial learning. Given the effect of AEL on learning and memory, further dose- dependent studies are required to reveal the possible effects of different doses of AEL.References
Bruder JC, Wagner K, Lachner-Piza D, Klotz KA, Schulze-Bonhage A, Jacobs J. Mesial-temporal epileptic ripples correlate with verbal memory impairment. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022;13:876024.
Hendriks MP, Aldenkamp A, Alpherts W, Ellis J, Vermeulen J, Van Der Vlugt H. Relationships between epilepsy‐related factors and memory impairment. Acta neurologica scandinavica. 2004;110(5):291-300.
Carlesimo GA. The temporal lobes and memory. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 187: Elsevier; 2022. 187: 319-337.
Fleury M, Buck S, Binding LP, Caciagli L, Vos SB, Winston GP, et al. Episodic memory network connectivity in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2022;63(10):2597-2622.
Alikatte KL, Akondi BR, Yerragunta VG, Veerareddy PR, Palle S. Antiamnesic activity of Syzygium cumini against scopolamine induced spatial memory impairments in rats. Brain and Development. 2012;34(10):844-851.
Hrastinski S. What do we mean by blended learning? TechTrends. 2019;63(5):564-569.
Mateos-Aparicio P, Rodríguez-Moreno A. The impact of studying brain plasticity. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2019;13:66.
Sheldon S, Levine B. The role of the hippocampus in memory and mental construction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2016;1369(1):76-92.
Knierim JJ. The hippocampus. Current Biology. 2015;25(23):1116-1121.
Olton DS. Characteristics of spatial memory. Cognitive processes in animal behavior: Routledge; 2018. p. 341-373.
Baddeley A. Working memory. Memory: Routledge; 2020. p. 71-111.
Othman MZ, Hassan Z, Has ATC. Morris water maze: a versatile and pertinent tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Experimental Animals. 2022;71(3):264-80.
Nikfarjam M, Rakhshan R, Ghaderi H. Comparison of effect of Lavandula officinalis and venlafaxine in treating depression: A double blind clinical trial. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017;11(7): 1-4.
Rahmati B, Khalili M, Roghani M, Ahghari P. Anti-epileptogenic and antioxidant effect of Lavandula officinalis aerial part extract against pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in male mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2013;148(1):152-157.
Rahmati B, Kiasalari Z, Roghani M, Khalili M, Ansari F. Antidepressant and anxiolytic activity of Lavandula officinalis aerial parts hydroalcoholic extract in scopolamine-treated rats. Pharmaceutical biology. 2017;55(1):958-965.
Abbasi Maleki S, Bekhradi R, Asgharpanah J, Abbasi Maleki F, Maleki Ahanghari N. Antidepressant-like effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of lavandula angustifolia mill in forced swim test and tail suspension test in male mice. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2013;16(9):65-75.
Fadaka AO, Ajiboye BO, Adewale I, Ojo OA, Oyinloye BE, Okesola MA. Significance of antioxidants in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. J Phytopharmacol. 2019;8(2):75-83.
Ali-Shtayeh MS, Abu-Zaitoun SY, Dudai N, Jamous RM. Downy Lavender oil: A promising source of antimicrobial, antiobesity, and anti-Alzheimer’s disease agents. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020.
Kashani MS, Tavirani MR, Talaei SA, Salami M. Aqueous extract of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) improves the spatial performance of a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience bulletin. 2011;27(2):99-106.
Rabiei Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Mokhtari S, Alibabaei Z, Shahrani M. The effect of pretreatment with different doses of Lavandula officinalis ethanolic extract on memory, learning and nociception. Biomedicine & Aging Pathology. 2014;4(1):71-76.
RAHMATI B, KIASALARI Z, Roghani M, KHALILI M, KARAMI M, AFSHIN MS, et al. The effect of Lavandula officinalis aerial parts hydroalcoholic extract on rat passive avoidance behavior and spatial memory. 2015.
Soheili M, Tavirani MR, Salami M. Lavandula angustifolia extract improves deteriorated synaptic plasticity in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2015;18(11):1147-1152.
Koulivand PH, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. Lavender and the nervous system. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. 2013.
F Baha Aldin B, AA E. Anticonvulsant activity of Lavandula officinalis in two animals models of convulsion. 2005; 8(3): 172-178.
Mehrabani M, Modirian E, Ebrahimabadi A, Vafazadeh J, Shahnavaz S, Heidari M. Study of the effects of hydro-methanol extracts of Lavandula vera DC. and Cuscuta epithymum Murr. on the seizure induced by pentylentetranzol in mice. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2007;13(1):25-32.
Mousavi-Hasanzadeh M, Rezaeian-Varmaziar H, Shafaat O, Jand A, Palizvan MR. The effect of co-administration of pentylenetetrazole with pilocarpine: New modified PTZ models of kindling and seizure. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2019;182:7-11.
Lüttjohann A, Fabene PF, van Luijtelaar G. A revised Racine's scale for PTZ-induced seizures in rats. Physiology & behavior. 2009;98(5):579-586.
Manganiello-Terra FA, Correa-Netto NF, Masukawa MY, Ruzzi A, Linardi A, Santos-Junior JG. Inhaled Lavandula angustifolia essential oil enhances extinction learning and inhibits memory updating in mice submitted to the contextual fear conditioning. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2020;260:113048.
Rehman MU, Ali N, Jamal M, Kousar R, Ishaq M, Awan AA, et al. Comparison of acute and chronic effects of Bacopa monnieri, Ginkgo biloba, and Lavandula angustifolia and their mixture on learning and memory in mice. Phytotherapy Research. 2021;35(5):2703-2710.
Soheili M, Salami M. Lavandula angustifolia biological characteristics: An in vitro study. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2019;234(9):16424-16430.
Jivad N, Rabiei Z. A review study on medicinal plants used in the treatment of learning and memory impairments. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2014;4(10):780-789.
Alomar MJ. Factors affecting the development of adverse drug reactions. Saudi pharmaceutical journal. 2014;22(2):83-94.
Cupp MJ. Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug interactions. American family physician. 1999;59(5):1239-1244.
Patil SM, Al-Mutairi KA, Firdose N, Ramu R, Martiz RM, Ashwini P. Pharmacoinformatics based screening discovers swertianolin from Lavandula angustifolia as a novel neuromodulator targeting epilepsy, depression, and anxiety. South African Journal of Botany. 2022;149:712-730.
Bashm R-y, Rahmati B, Poorgholam M. The effect of Lavandula dentata aerial parts hydroalcoholic extract on learning and memory in male streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Daneshvar Medicine. 2020;27(2):1-8.
Mushtaq A, Anwar R, Ahmad M. Lavandula stoechas (L) a very potent antioxidant attenuates dementia in scopolamine induced memory deficit mice. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2018;9:1375.
Kashani MS, Tavirani MR, Talaei SA, Salami M. Aqueous extract of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) improves the spatial performance of a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience bulletin. 2011;27(2):99-106.
Soheili M, Salami M. Lavandula angustifolia biological characteristics: An in vitro study. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2019;234(9):16424-16430.
Seghatoleslam M, Alipour F, Shafieian R, Hassanzadeh Z, Edalatmanesh MA, Sadeghnia HR, et al. The effects of Nigella sativa on neural damage after pentylenetetrazole induced seizures in rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2016;6(3):262-268
Zhu X, Dong J, Han B, Huang R, Zhang A, Xia Z, et al. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase contributes to PTZ kindling epilepsy-induced hippocampal endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative damage. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2017;11:377.
Hassanzadeh P, Arbabi E, Atyabi F, Dinarvand R. Ferulic acid exhibits antiepileptogenic effect and prevents oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in the kindling model of epilepsy. Life sciences. 2017;179:9-14.
Pahuja M, Mehla J, Reeta K, Tripathi M, Gupta YK. Effect of Anacyclus pyrethrum on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling, spatial memory, oxidative stress and rho-kinase II expression in mice. Neurochemical research. 2013;38(3):547-556.
Sebai H, Selmi S, Rtibi K, Souli A, Gharbi N, Sakly M. Lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.) essential oils attenuate hyperglycemia and protect against oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Lipids in health and disease. 2013;12(1):1-9.
Aboutaleb N, Jamali H, Abolhasani M, Toroudi HP. Lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia) attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. 2019;110:9-19.
Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation. Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license (CC-BY). However, the license permits any user to read, copy, redistribute and and make derivative the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.