Effects of Salicylic Acid and Chitosan Foliar Application on Extract Components and the Antibacterial Activity of Melissa officinalis L.
Abstract
Background and Aim: Melissa officinalis L. is a medicinal herb with antibacterial properties. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of the foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and chitosan (Ch.) on ethanolic extracts components and antibacterial activity of M. officinalisL.in the flowering stage. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activities of the ethanol extracts were investigated using the agar dilution method, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration against five bacteria, i.e. S. aurous, B. subtilis, E. coli, S. enterica and P. mirabilis. Results: The major components were citronellal, Z-Citral, E-Citral, caryophyllene oxide, caryophyllene, linalool, carvacrol, α-Pinene and geraniol. The result showed that distinct concentration of Ch. and SA had remarkable effects on the chemical constituents of M. officinalis L. extract. All the examined bacteria were sensitive to the extracts of M. officinalis L. and antimicrobial activities of extracts against the examined bacteria depending on the concentration of the foliar application. The highest and lowest diameters of inhibition zones of the plant extracts were on S. aurous and P. mirabilis respectively. The MIC values of the extracts ranged from 78.25 ppm to 1250 ppm, whereas the MBC values ranged from 156.5 ppm to 1250 ppm. Conclusion: S. aurous and E. coli were the most sensitive bacteria in Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria respectively. It was also observed that Ch. treatments were more effective on Gram-negative bacteria, while SA treatments were more influential on Gram-positive bacteria.References
Feng W, Sheng X. Essential oils to control Alter aria alternate in vitro and in vivo. Food Control. 2007;18(9):1126-30.
Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin.Microbiol. rev. 1999;12(4):564-482.
Reichling J, Schnitzler P, Suschke U, Saller R. Essential oils of aromatic plants with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties–an overview. Complement. Med Res. 2009;16(2):79-90.
Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, De Martino L, Coppola R, De Feo V. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharma. 2013;6(12):1451-74.
Ertürk O. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts from eleven spice plants.Biol. 2006;61:275-8.
Nolkemper S, Reichling J, Stintzing FC, Carle R, Schnitzler P. Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta med. 2006;72:1378-82.
Koytchev R, Alken RG, Dundarov S. Balm mint extract (Lo-701) for topical treatment of recurring herpes labialis. Phytomed. 1999;6:225-30.
Yamasaki K, Nakano M, Kawahata T, Mori H, Otake T, Ueba N, Oishi I, Inami R, Yamane M, Nakamura M, Murata H, Nakanishi T. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in labiatae.Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1998;21:829-33.
Canadanović-Brunet J, Ćetković G, Đilas S, Tumbas V, Bogdanović V, Mandić A, Markov S, Cvetkovic D, Canadanovic V. Radical scavenging, antibacterial and antiproliferative activities of Melissa officinalis L. Extracts. J. Med Food. 2008;11:133-43.
Drozd J, Anuszewska E. The effect of the Melissa officinalis L. extract on immune response in mice. Acta. pol. pharm. 2003;60:467-70.
Soulimani R, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, Misslin R, Derrieu G, Pelt JM. Neurotropic action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis L. in the mouse. Planta Med. 1991;57:105-9.
Bolkent S, Yanardag R, Karabulut-Bulan O, Yesilyaprak B. Protective role of Melissa officinalis L. extract on liver of hyperlipidemic rats: a morphological and biochemical study. J. ethnopharmacol. 2005;99:391-8.
Khayyal MT, El-Ghazaly MA, Kenawy SA, Seif-El-Nasr M, Mahran LG, Kafafi YA, Okpanyi SN. Antiulcerogenic effect of some gastrointestinally acting plant extracs and their combination. Arzneimittelforschung. 2001;51:545-53.
1Betoni JEC, Mantovani RP, Barbosa LN, Di Stasi LC, Fernandes JA. Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases. Mem. Inst. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2006;101:387-90.
Sibanda T, Okoh AI. The challenges of overcoming antibiotic resistance: Plant extracts as potential sources of antimicrobial and resistance modifying agents. Afr. J.Biotechnol. 2007;6:2886-96.
Stefanovic O, Stanojevic D, Comic Lj. Synergistic, antibacterial activity of Salvia officinalis L. and Cichoriumintybus extracts and antibiotics. Acta Pol Pharm. 2012;457-63.
Hăncianu M, Aprotosoaie AC, Gille E, Poiată A, Tuchiluş C, Spac A, Stănescu U. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. from Romania. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici siNaturalisti din Iasi. 2008;112(3):843-7.
Mimica-Dukic N, Bozin B, Sokovic M, Simin N. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil. J. Agric. food chem. 2004;52:2485-9.
Birdane YO, Buyukokuroglu ME, Birdane FM, Cemek M, Yavuz H. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Melissa officinalis L. in rodents. Rev. Méd. Vét. 2007;158(02):75-81.
Stanojevic D, Comic LJ, Stefanovic O, Sukdolak SS. In vitro synergistic antibacterial activity of Melissa officinalis L. and some preservatives. Span. J. Agric. Res. 2010;8(1):109-15.
Sharopov FS, Wink M, Khalifaev DR, Zhang H, Dosoky NS, Setzer WN. Composition and bioactivity of the essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. growing wild in Tajikistan. Int. J. Tradit. Nat Med. 2013;2(2):86-96.
Khan MMA, Samiullah SHA, Afridi MMRK. Yield and quality of fennel (Foeniculumvulgare Mill.) in relation to basal and foliar application of nitrogen and phosphorus. J. Plant Nutr. 1992;15(11):2505-15.
Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008;46(2):446-475.
Gharib FA. Effect of salicylic acid on the growth, metabolic activities and oil content of basil and marjoram. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 2006;8(4):485-92.
Ali MB, Hahn EJ, Paek KY. Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid induced oxidative stress and accumulation of phenolics in Panax ginseng bioreactor root suspension cultures. Mol. 2007;12(3):607-21.
Prapagdee B, Kotchadat K, Kumsopa A, Visarathanonth N. The role of chitosan in protection of soybean from sudden death syndrome caused by Fusariumsolani f. sp. glycines. Bioresour. Technol. 2007;98(7):1353-8.
Boonlertnirun S, Boonraung C, Suvanasara R. Application of chitosan in rice production. J. Met. Mater. Miner. 2017;18(2):47-52.
Hayat Q, Hayat S, Irfan M, Ahmad A. Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: a review. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2010;68(1):14-25.
Pastirova A, Repcak M, Eliasova A. Salicylic acid induces changes of coumarin metabolites in Matricariachamomilla L. J. Plant Sci. 2004;167(4):819-24.
Roller S, Covill N. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan in mayonnaise and mayonnaise-based shrimp salads. J. Food Prot. 2000;63(2):202-9.
EmamiBistagani Z, Siadat SA, Bakhshandeh AM, GhasemiPirbalouti, A. Effect of Drought Stress and Chitosan Elucidator on Photosynthetic Pigments, Proline, Soluble Sugars and Lipid Peroxidation of Membrane in Thyme (Thymus deanensisCelak.) in Shahrekord Climatic Conditions. J. Agric. Environ. sci. 2017;1:13-20.
Nourafcan H, Mahboubi A. The effect of salicylic acid foliar spraying on morphophysiological characteristics of common mallow and Moldavian balm. Agroecol. J. 2017;13(3): 25-33.
Das K, Tiwari RKS, ShrivastavaDK. Techniques for evaluation of medicinal plant products as antimicrobial agent: Current methods and future trends. J. Med. plant res. 2010;4(2):104-11.
Dąbrowski Ł. Evaluation of a Simplified Method for GC/MS Qualitative Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Organic Pesticides Using PARADISe Computer Program. Mol. 2020;25(16):3727.
CLSI. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, 2015. Available from: https://clsi.org/media/1632/m07a10_sample.pdf.
Scorzoni L, Benaducci T, Almeida AMF, Silva, DHS, Bolzani, VS, Mendes-Giannini, M.J.S. Comparative study of disk diffusion and microdilution methods for evaluation of antifungal activity of natural compounds against medical yeasts Candida spp and Cryptococcus sp. J. Basic Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2007;28(1):25-34.
Andrews JM. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2001;48:5-16.
Baner AW, Kirby WMM, Sherries JC, Truck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a stand-ardized single disc method. Am J ClinPathol. 1991;45:493-6.
Platikanov S, Evstatieva L, Nikolov S. Dinamic of acumulation of the flavonoids in Astragalushamosus L. Proceeding of the 7th Symposium on Flora of Southeastern Serbia and Neighbouring Regions. Dimitrovgrad. 2002;214-6.
Bittelli M, Flury M, Campbell GS, Nichols EJ. Reduction of transpiration through foliar application of chitosan. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2001;107(3):167-75.
RowshanV, Khoi MK, Javidnia K. Effects of salicylic acid on quality and quantity of essential oil components in Salvia macrosiphon. J. Biol. Environ. Sci. 2010;4(11):77-82.
Farouk S, Amany AR. Improving growth and yield of cowpea by foliar application of chitosan under water stress. Egypt. J. Biol. 2012:14(1):14-26.
Ghasemi-Pirbalouti A, Rahimmalek M, Elikaei-Nejhad L, Hamedi B. Essential oil compositions of summer savory under foliar application of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2014;26(5):342-7.
Saeb K, Gholamrezaee S. Variation of essential oil composition of Melissa officinalis L. leaves during different stages of plant growth. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2012;2(2):547-9.
Uyanik M, Gurbuz B. Chemical diversity in essential oil compositions of leaf, herb and flower in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) J. Agric. Nat. Sci. 2014;1(2):210-4.
Vasconsuelo A, Giulietti AM, Boland R. Signal transduction events mediating chitosan stimulation of anthraquinone synthesis in Rubiatinctorum. J. Plant Sci. 2004;166(2):405-13.
Putalun W, Luealon W, De-Eknamkul W, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. Improvement of artemisinin production by chitosan in hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L. Biotechnol. Lett. 2007;29(7):1143-6.
Yin H, Frette XC, Christensen LP, Grevsen K. Chitosan oligosaccharides promote the content of polyphenols in Greek oregano (Origanumvulgare ssp. hirtum). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011;60(1):136-43.
Namdeo AG. Plant cell elicitation for production of secondary metabolites: a review. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2007;1(1):69-79.
Limpanavech P, Chaiyasuta S, Vongpromek R, Pichyangkura R, Khunwasi C, Chadchawan S, Lotrakul P, Bunjongrat R, Chaidee A, Bangyeekhun T. Chitosan effects on floral production, gene expression, and anatomical changes in the Dendrobium orchid. Sci. Hortic. 2008;116(1):65-72.
Idrees M, Khan MMA, Aftab T, Naeem M, Hashmi N. Salicylic acid-induced physiological and biochemical changes in lemongrass varieties under water stress. J. Plant Interact. 2010;5(4):293-303.
Anicic NV, Dimitrijevic S, Ristic MS, Petrović SS, Petrović SD, Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Melissa officinalis L, Lamiaceae. Hem. ind. 2005;59(9-10):243-7.
Hayouni EA, Abedrabba M, Bouix M, Hamdi M. The effects of solvents and extraction method on the phenolic contents and biological activities in vitro of Tunisian Quercuscoccifera L. and Juniperusphoenicea L. fruit extracts. Food Chem. 2007;105(3):1126-34.
Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. Int. J. food microbiol. 2004;94(3):223-53.
Knobloch K, Pauli A, Iberl B, Weigand H, Weis N. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oil components. J. Essent. Oil Res. 1989;1(3):119-28.
Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation. Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license (CC-BY). However, the license permits any user to read, copy, redistribute and and make derivative the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
